Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s Essay

Michigan's Responce to the PBB Crisis in the 1970s - Essay Example The Michigan Chemical Corporation in St. Louis, Michigan was the main producer of the FireMaster brand of these PBB flame retardants. The brand FireMaster BP-6 was made out of a mixture of various PBB congeners with 2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,2’3,4,4’,5,5’-heptabromobiphenyl as major components based on mass2. Other components of FireMaster products include bromochlorobiphenyls and polybrominated naphthalenes3. These components combined created the unfortunate animal and human health consequences seen in the Michigan chemical disaster. The FireMaster BP-6, in 1973, was accidentally added to livestock feed which was then distributed to various farms in Michigan4. Shortly thereafter, various livestock started dying. About 1.5 million chickens, 30,000 cattle, 5900 pigs, and about 1400 sheep died immediately after being contaminated and their carcasses were managed in landfills in different parts of the state5. About a year would pass before the animals would be culled6. This incident was caused by poor labeling procedures of the company with thousands of pounds of FireMaster being mistakenly labeled as magnesium oxide and delivered to companies manufacturing animal feed. After contamination, most of the animals exhibited mild symptoms like disorientation; others however became very much sick, manifesting internal bleeding and skin lesions. Others died immediately after contamination7. ... hey did not know the actual cause of these deaths and most of them did not perceive that the tainted meat from these livestock would imply a major health threat9. As a result, meat from some of the sick animals was added into the animal feed. This caused further contamination of other animals. Meat from the healthy cows was also sold in the markets for human consumption10. Moreover, chickens which were fed the contaminated feeds lay eggs which were also tainted with PBBs. All in all, thousands of people in Michigan were actually ingesting PBB-contaminated foods and did not even know about it11. Symptoms of PBB poisoning among humans is often based on the amount or level of contamination; mostly it includes stomach problems, abnormal bleeding, loss of balance, skin lesions, and a decreased resistance to diseases12. Many farmers and their families developed health issues attributed to PBB contamination and in general, the long-term impact of PBB among Michigan residents is still persis tent because of the long-term impact of the PBBs13. In fact, it would take more years to pass before the full impact of the contamination would ever be known. The disaster also gained much attention for their continued impact on livestock, with nearly all of the large dairy farms in Michigan reporting cattle and other animal deaths14. Many of their cows also started aborting and most of them soon started to look sick, with their coats becoming mangy and hooves overgrowing. Consultants from the Michigan Department of Agriculture launched their investigation of these incidents; however, they too could not establish the cause of these incidents15. Eventually however, investigators uncovered that chemical workers at the Michigan Chemical Corporation mistakenly mixed chemical polybrominated

Non-Destructive Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Non-Destructive Testing - Essay Example NDT is popular because of its harmless and unfaltering association with the final product to check its quality. As we acknowledge, all materials are imperfect, but this is only of concern if the imperfections adversely affect intermediate processing or use of the finished product. In order to detect imperfections, some form of testing is necessary that will not have a detrimental effect on the materials/components.NDT encompasses all the test methods that, when applied to a component, do not impair its subsequent utilization (Colangelo, p 44) If the testing does not destroy or damage the material in any way it is known as Non - Destructive Testing (NDT). NDT is crucial in characterizing final products into "zero defect" and "potentially flawed" parts, this characterization is fast and easy. Hence, the quality control is easy itself. For instance, let us take an example of a steel plant which makes "railroads". There is a specific dimensional requirement of every piece and also there is some maximum tolerance level for cracks and porosity holes in those pieces. Using NDT (laser and X-Ray techniques, we can determine the dimensions and flaws inside the rails in a very short period of time). A number of techniques are used in NDT; each is generally dependent on a different energy system. Techniques range from ordinary macroscopic examination with white light to the complex procedure of neutron radiography, each method having an area in which it yields optimum performance (Colangelo, p44) though it can often be used successfully on marginal situations when the need arises. In present case we will discuss TWO vastly used NDT methods: 1. Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) 2. Ultrasonic Testing MPI Magnetic Particle Inspection offers a means for the detection of surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials (Colangelo, p 48). MPI is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic materials thus many structural metals like austenitic stainless steel, aluminum magnesium, copper and titanium are excluded from this inspection. Only ferromagnetic materials are inspected through this method. Magnetic particle inspection (MPI) is a widely used nondestructive inspection method for aerospace applications essentially limited to experiment-based approaches (Betz 1997). The analysis of MPI properties that affect sensitivity and reliability contributes not only reductions in inspection design cost and time but also improvement of analysis of experimental data. Choosing a particle medium, consider the application. For convenience, select dry particles when inspecting large components such as forgings. Wet-particle inspection, often requiring a tank complete with stirring and pumping machinery, works well for production-line Magnetic Testing inspection. This approach is especially useful when the operator must examine large numbers of small, similarly sized components. When portability is important, particularly for field

Application of LCD

Application of LCD A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. Photo showing subpixels in detail They are used in a wide range of applications including: computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube(CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units. Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. In most of the cases the liquid crystal has double refraction.[citation needed] The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Types of LEDs present in markets Let us take a look at the different varieties of liquid crystals that are available for industrial purposes. The most usable liquid crystal among all the others is the nematic phase liquid crystals. Nematic Phase LCD The greatest advantage of a nematic phase liquid crystal substance is that it can bring about predictable controlled changes according to the electric current passed through them. All the liquid crystals are according to their reaction on temperature difference and also the nature of the substance. Twisted Nematics, a particular nematic substance is twisted naturally. When a known voltage is applied to the substance, it gets untwisted in varying degrees according to our requirement. This in turn is useful in controlling the passage of light. A nematic phase liquid crystal can be again classified on the basis in which the molecules orient themselves in respect to each other. This change in orientation mainly depends on the director, which can be anything ranging from a magnetic field to a surface with microscopic grooves. Classification includes Smectic and also cholesteric. Smectic can be again classified as smectic C, in which the molecules in each layer tilt at an angle from the previous layer. Cholesteric, on the other hand has molecules that twist slightly from one layer to the next, causing a spiral like design. There are also combinations of these two called Ferro-electric liquid crystals (FLC), which include cholesteric molecules in a smectic C type molecule so that the spiral nature of these molecules allows the microsecond switching response time. This makes FLCs to be of good use in advanced displays. Liquid crystal molecules are further classified into thermotropic and lyotropic crystals. The ufurther divided into nematic and isotropic. Nematic liquid crystals have a fixed order of pattern while isotropic liquid crystals are distributed randomly. The lyotropic crystal depends on the type of solvent they are mixed with. They are therefore useful in making detergents and soaps. Making of LCD Though the making of LCD is rather simple there are certain facts that should be noted while making it. The basic structure of an LCD should be controllably changed with respect to the applied electric current. The light that is used on the LCD can be polarized. Liquid crystals should be able to both transmit and change polarized light. There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity. To make an LCD, you need to take two polarized glass pieces. The glass which does not have a polarized film on it must be rubbed with a special polymer which creates microscopic grooves in the surface. It must also be noted that the grooves are on the same direction as the polarizing film. Then, all you need to do is to add a coating of nematic liquid crystals to one of the filters. The grooves will cause the first layer of molecules to align with the filters orientation. At right angle to the first piece, you must then add a second piece of glass along with the polarizing film. Till the uppermost layer is at a 90-degree angle to the bottom, each successive layer of TN molecules will keep on twisting. The first filter will naturally be polarized as the light strikes it at the beginning. Thus the light passes through each layer and is guided on to the next with the help of molecules. When this happens, the molecules tend to change the plane of vibration of the light to match their own angle. When the light reaches the far side of the liquid crystal substance, it vibrates at the same angle as the final layer of molecules. The light is only allowed an entrance if the second polarized glass filter is same as the final layer. The main principle behind liquid crystal molecules is that when an electric current is applied to them, they tend to untwist. This causes a change in the light angle passing through them. This causes a change in the angle of the top polarizing filter with respect to it. So little light is allowed to pass through that particular area of LCD. Thus that area becomes darker comparing to others. For making an LCD screen, a reflective mirror has to be setup in the back. An electrode plane made of indium-tin oxide is kept on top and a glass with a polarizing film is also added on the bottom side. The entire area of the LCD has to be covered by a common electrode and above it should be the liquid crystal substance. Next comes another piece of glass with an electrode in the shape of the rectangle on the bottom and, on top, another polarizing film. It must be noted that both of them are kept at right angles. When there is no current, the light passes through the front of the LCD it will be reflected by the mirror and bounced back. As the electrode is connected to a temporary battery the current from it will cause the liquid crystals between the common-plane electrode and the electrode shaped like a rectangle to untwist. Thus the light is blocked from passing through. Thus that particular rectangular area appears blank. Colour Liquid Crystal Display Colour LCDs are those that can display pictures in colours. For this to be possible there must be three sub-pixels with red, green and blue colour filters to create each colour pixel. For combining these sub-pixels these LCDs should be connected to a large number of transistors. If any problem occurs to these transistors, it will cause a bad pixel. One of the main disadvantages of these types of LCDs is the size. Most manufacturers try to reduce the height than gain it. This is because more transistors and greater pixels will be needed to increase the length. This will increase the probability of bad pixels.   It is very difficult or also impossible to repair a LCD with bad pixels. This will highly affect the sale of LCDs. Color displays In colour LCDs each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are coloured red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters (pigment filters, dye filters and metal oxide filters). Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colours for each pixel. CRT monitors employ a similar subpixel structures via phosphors, although the electron beam employed in CRTs do not hit exact subpixels. Zero-power (bistable) displays The zenithal bistable device (ZBD), developed by QinetiQ (formerly DERA), can retain an image without power. The crystals may exist in one of two stable orientations (Black and White) and power is only required to change the image. ZBD Displays is a spin-off company from QinetiQ who manufacture both grayscale and colour ZBD devices. A French company, Nemoptic, has developed the BiNem zero-power, paper-like LCD technology which has been mass-produced in partnership with Seiko since 2007.This technology is intended for use in applications such as Electronic Shelf Labels, E-books, E-documents, E-newspapers, E-dictionaries, Industrial sensors, Ultra-Mobile PCs, etc. Kent Displays has also developed a no power display that uses Polymer Stabilized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (ChLCD). A major drawback of ChLCD screens are their slow refresh rate, especially at low temperatures[citation needed]. Kent has recently demonstrated the use of a ChLCD to cover the entire surface of a mobile phone, allowing it to change colours, and keep that colour even when power is cut off. In 2004 researchers at the University of Oxford demonstrated two new types of zero-power bistable LCDs based on Zenithal bistable techniques. Several bistable technologies, like the 360 ° BTN and the bistable cholesteric, depend mainly on the bulk properties of the liquid crystal (LC) and use standard strong anchoring, with alignment films and LC mixtures similar to the traditional monostable materials. Other bistable technologies (i.e. Binem Technology) are based mainly on the surface properties and need specific weak anchoring materials. Brief history 1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (1858-1927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colours) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beitrà ¤ge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte fà ¼r Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441 (1888)). 1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work Flà ¼ssige Kristalle (Liquid Crystals). 1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in thin layers. 1922: Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). 1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, The Liquid Crystal Light Valve. 1962: The first major English language publication on the subject Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals, by Dr. George W. Gray. 1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electro-optic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called Williams domains inside the liquid crystal. 1964: George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colours by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation. George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCD. 1960: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UKs Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs). 1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors. Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown, Boveri Cie who produced displays for wrist watches during the 1970s and also to Japanese electronics industry which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute filed an identical patent in the USA on April 22, 1971. In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, PA. 1996 Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and IPS subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2010. 1997 Hitachi resurrects the In Plane Switching (IPS) technology producing the first LCD to have the visual quality acceptable for TV application. 2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpassed CRT units in worldwide sales. 2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank. L.C.D vs Plasma Both Plasma and LCD high-definition TV screens produce excellent quality pictures. Most experts believe that Plasma screens produce a slightly better picture than their LCD counterpart. Plasma screens have the ability to show deeper blacks to help their picture quality but they do generally cost more than LCDs. LCDs have only recently been able to compete with Plasmas in the very large screen market and are more than competitive in the products they offer. LCDs use far less power than Plasma screens and have a greater life expectancy. The consensus amongst most experts is that if you are in the market for a small screen then an LCD screen is your best bet. If you are in the market for a large screen flat panel TV then you should be buying a Plasma screen. The Plasma flat panel screen is heavier than a LCD flat panel screen so if you are going to have your large flat screen TV on a cabinet so you can move it around the room as you change the furniture then you are probably going to want to buy an LCD flat panel screen for convenience. Previously the main difference between the two different forms of high-definition television was the price and size of the two products. The price of LCD TV screens compares favourably with that of the Plasmas while the size of LCDs now also increasing with each new product release to catch up to the Plasmas who have traditionally been the larger of the two flat panel screens. Applications In TV and MONITORS Technological improvements to liquid crystal display (LCD) screens have seen them become more popular in the high definition television market. With the improvement of broadcasting pictures moving quickly from analogue to digital television so too is the television market moving from regular Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to large flat panel LCD or Plasma screens. While liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) is new technology, we have been using liquid crystal display for many years in other household items such as digital clocks, oven timers and home computers. LCD technology is not restricted to just large flat screen TVs with LCD projectors available for corporations to display video, images or data in much the same way that the old overhead projector once did. LCD technology provides a cheaper alternative to large Plasma screens. Historically the LCD screens have been smaller but new technology is increasing the size of these large flat screen TVs to be more competitive than ever before. While the size of LCDs has increased the advantage one has in price comparison with a Plasma screen has seen the LCD screens enjoy their fair share of high definition large flat screen sales in the home entertainment market. LCD screens also need less power to function giving the consumers considerable savings on their electricity bills. LCD technology is not restricted to just large flat screen TVs with LCD projectors available for corporations to display video, images or data in much the same way that the old overhead projector once did. An LCD projector works by sending light from a halogen lamp through three LCD panels (one for red, blue and green). The individual pixels then open to allow light to pass or close to block the light producing our image. We also use LCD technology in the world of computers with a LCD computer monitor the most popular display device for computers. An LCD monitor is the popular choice amongst consumers because of the flat panel screen taking up very little space. Having replaced the bulky computer monitors the LCD monitor is here to stay with all new computer purchases going hand in hand with a LCD computer monitor. The advantages in buying an LCD monitor is not only restricted to the size but also the savings with LCD monitors using very little of your power supply to work. Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) provides the viewer with a far greater experience watching television. With the LCD TV set you dont have to close the curtains because the screen is too bright to see the picture properly like you do with a normal CRT television. One major advantage an LCD screen has is that it is not only a capable of displaying high-definition TV, video, dvd or normal television but it can also be used as a computer monitor. Just like your everyday PC monitor you can play games on your LCD screen, your just going to have a bigger, better view of your screen playing on your large screen TV mounted on the wall. In MOBILES Screens The new LCD modules combine technology characteristics of the Sharp AQUOS Liquid Crystal TV, referred to as the ASV LCD with Sharps proprietary small format display technology, referred to as the Advanced-TFT. With this breakthrough, Sharp has attained a new mobile display that is ideally suited for mobile devices, such as camera phones, PDAs, and personal media players, which display streaming video content or color images. The displays achieve excellent visibility in any lighting situation, while offering a wide viewing angle, high contrast ratio, and superior color reproduction. The displays are slated for sampling in December of 2003, with volume production to begin next spring. The explosive growth in the use of multi-functional mobile devices has rapidly accelerated the demand for high-resolution color displays that allow users to view a wider range of content, said Joel Pollack, vice president of the Display Business Unit at Sharp Microelectronics of the Americas. Sharps new mobile ASV LCD technology offers design engineers high quality display technology similar to that which is used in our AQUOS LCD TVs. The result is a clear, bright display visible from virtually any angle and under any ambient lighting condition. The continued growth in the mobile market is expected to stimulate new demand for the capability to view video and graphic content, including photographic images, scenes from television shows, movies, sports events and news.

Is O.J. Simpson Guilty Or Not? :: O.J. Simpson

Is O.j. Guilty Or Not well it all started out like this,O.J. was at a club, and Nichole was there also. They met, and a couple days later they started to go out. While still married to Margerite Whitly. The papers didn't go through yet for a divorce, so legally he was still married to her, while going out with Nichole. The Evidence Against O.J. Simpson Mark Fuhrman said he saw a knife box on the ledge of the bath tub,and it wasn't collected for evidence, but the prosecutors say we have the knife that was from the box, that we didn't need the box. I think the detectives did asloppy job as in collecting evidence for the murder. Mark Fuhrman saw a finger print on the gate of nicholes home and it wasn't found by the collectors who were collecting all the evidence for the murder. O.k. there was a sock found at the murder scene that blood soaked right throught the sock, Mark believes that O.J. got blood on the sock, and it went through the sock. There was a glove found at the murder scene of the crime, a lot of people believe it was planted by racist Mark Fuhrman, but lots of people think it would be impossible to do that. Someone would be watching if he did, there's always someone watching you. When O.J. was trying on the glove I think he was pretednding they didn't fit but they really did. Nichole speaking from the grave There was a safety desposite box with a bunch of pictures in it. Pictures from when O.J. had beat her. The police had taken them and she put them all in the safety deposite box. There was a letter saying I'm sorry I hit you, that I'm really sorry, I am paying for my mistakes. There was a call made by Nichole Simpson, that her husband is beating her. You can hear him in the back round yelling at her. Why didn't the police answer to this call, obviously she was in trouble, they could hear him. There are 650,000 calls like this made to the police, only 350,000 are answered. Why didn't they answer this one they probablycould have saved two lives!!! There is a rumor going on that the police kept walking over the blood, thast they couldn't bring it in for D.N.A testing. How could they be sloppy in their work the are trained to do. If this is true are they covering up what O.J. actually did, because he's a famous football star, and actor O.J. Simpson had to pay 25 million for damages to the goldman and the Is O.J. Simpson Guilty Or Not? :: O.J. Simpson Is O.j. Guilty Or Not well it all started out like this,O.J. was at a club, and Nichole was there also. They met, and a couple days later they started to go out. While still married to Margerite Whitly. The papers didn't go through yet for a divorce, so legally he was still married to her, while going out with Nichole. The Evidence Against O.J. Simpson Mark Fuhrman said he saw a knife box on the ledge of the bath tub,and it wasn't collected for evidence, but the prosecutors say we have the knife that was from the box, that we didn't need the box. I think the detectives did asloppy job as in collecting evidence for the murder. Mark Fuhrman saw a finger print on the gate of nicholes home and it wasn't found by the collectors who were collecting all the evidence for the murder. O.k. there was a sock found at the murder scene that blood soaked right throught the sock, Mark believes that O.J. got blood on the sock, and it went through the sock. There was a glove found at the murder scene of the crime, a lot of people believe it was planted by racist Mark Fuhrman, but lots of people think it would be impossible to do that. Someone would be watching if he did, there's always someone watching you. When O.J. was trying on the glove I think he was pretednding they didn't fit but they really did. Nichole speaking from the grave There was a safety desposite box with a bunch of pictures in it. Pictures from when O.J. had beat her. The police had taken them and she put them all in the safety deposite box. There was a letter saying I'm sorry I hit you, that I'm really sorry, I am paying for my mistakes. There was a call made by Nichole Simpson, that her husband is beating her. You can hear him in the back round yelling at her. Why didn't the police answer to this call, obviously she was in trouble, they could hear him. There are 650,000 calls like this made to the police, only 350,000 are answered. Why didn't they answer this one they probablycould have saved two lives!!! There is a rumor going on that the police kept walking over the blood, thast they couldn't bring it in for D.N.A testing. How could they be sloppy in their work the are trained to do. If this is true are they covering up what O.J. actually did, because he's a famous football star, and actor O.J. Simpson had to pay 25 million for damages to the goldman and the

Principles of Marketing Chapter 1

Marketing -Is the process of building profitable customer relationships by creating value for customers and capturing value in return -Satisfying customer needs 2 GOALS OF MARKETING †¢To attract new customers by promising superior value †¢To keep and grow current customers by delivering satisfaction MARKETING PROCESS 1. Understanding the Marketplace and Customer Needs 1. 1. Needs, Wants, and Demands 1. 1. 1. NEEDS – states of felt deprivation. 1. 1. 2. WANTS – the form human needs take as shaped by culture and individual personality. 1. 1. 3. DEMANDS – human wants that are backed by buying power. 1. 2.Marketing Offerings (Products, services, and experiences) – some combination of products, services, information, or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want. †¢Marketing Myopia – the mistake of paying more attention to the specific products a company offers than to the benefits and experiences produced by these products. 1. 3. Customer Value Satisfaction – are key building blocks for developing and managing customer relationships. 1. 4. Exchanges and Relationships – the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering in return. 1. 5. Markets – set of all actual and potential buyers of a product or service. . Designing a Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy †¢ Marketing Management – the art and science of choosing target markets and building profitable relationships with them. 2. 1. What customers will we serve? (What’s our target market? ) 2. 1. 1. MARKET SEGMENTATION – dividing the market into segments of customers 2. 1. 2. TARGET MARKETING – selecting which segments it will go after. 2. 2. How can we serve these customer’s best? (What’s our value proposition? ) – is the company’s set of benefits or values it promises to deliver to consumers to satisfy their needs. 2. 2. 1. MARKETING MANAGEMENT ORIENTATIONS 2. 2. 1. . THE PRODUCTION CONCEPT – the idea that consumers will favour products that are available and highly affordable and that the organization should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency. 2. 2. 1. 2. THE PRODUCT CONCEPT – the idea that consumers will favour products that offer the most quality, performance, and features and that the organization should therefore devote its energy to making continuous product improvements. 2. 2. 1. 3. THE SELLING CONCEPT – the idea that consumers will not buy enough of the firm’s product unless it undertakes a large-scale selling and promotion effort. . 2. 1. 4. THE MARKETING CONCEPT – the marketing management philosophy that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions better than competitors do. 2. 2. 1. 5. THE SOCIETAL MARKETING CONCEPT – a principle of enlightened marketing that holds th at a company should make good marketing decisions by considering the consumers’ wants, the company’s requirements, consumers’ long-run interests, and the society’s long-run interests. 3.Preparing an Integrated Marketing Plan and Program – consists of the firm’s marketing mix, the set of marketing tools the firm uses to implement its marketing strategy. †¢Marketing Mix (4Ps) a)Product b)Price c)Place d)Promotion 4. Building Customer Relationships – most important step in marketing process 4. 1. Customer Relationship Management – the overall process of building and maintaining customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction 4. 2. Relationships Building Blocks: Customer Value and Satisfaction 4. 2. 1.CUSTOMER PERCEIVED VALUE – the customer’s evaluation of the difference between all the benefits and all the costs of a market offering relative to those of competing offers. 4. 2. 2. CU STOMER SATISFACTION – the extent to which a product’s perceived performance matches a buyer’s expectations. 4. 3. Customer Relationship Levels and Tools 4. 3. 1. FREQUENCY MARKETING PROGRAMS – reward customers who buy frequently or in large amounts. 4. 3. 2. CLUB MARKETING PROGRAMS – offers members special benefits and create member communities. 4. 4. The Changing Nature of Customer Relationships 4. 4. 1. RELATING WITH MORE CAREFULLY SELECTED CUSTOMERS True Mass Marketing – selling in a standard way to any customer who cares along. †¢Selective Relationship Management – targeting fewer, more profitable customers 4. 4. 2. RELATING FOR THE LONG TERM – serving chosen customers in a deeper, more lasting way to retain current customers and build long term relationships with them. 4. 4. 3. RELATING DIRECTLY – serving customers without going to a store – by telephone, mail order, catalogues, kiosks, and online. 4. 5. Partner Relationship Management – working close in other company or departments and outside the company to jointly bring greater value to customers. . 5. 1. PARTNERS INSIDE THE COMPANY – linking all departments of a firm in the cause of creating customer value. 4. 5. 2. MARKETING PARTNERS OUTSIDDE THE FIRM †¢Supply Chain – describes a longer channel, stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. †¢Strategic Alliances – strategic partners if they hope to be effective 5. Capturing Value from Customers 5. 1. Creating Customer Loyalty and Retention – the value of the entire stream purchases that a customer would make over a lifetime of patronage. 5. 2.Growing Share Customer – the portion of the customer’s purchasing that a company gets in its product categories. 5. 3. Building Customer Equity – the total combined customer lifetime values of all the company’s custom ers. 5. 4. Building the Right Relationships with the Right Customers CLASSIFICATIONS OF CUSTOMERS †¢Strangers – Little fit between company’s offerings and customer’s needs; lowest profit potential †¢Butterflies – Good fit between company’s offerings and customer’s needs; high profit potential †¢True Friends – Good fit between company’s offerings and customer’s needs; highest profit potential. Barnacles – Limited fit between company’s offerings and customer’s needs; low profit potential THE NEW MARKETING LANDSCAPE 1. New Digital Age – marketers must harness marketing technology 2. Rapid Globalization – take advantage of global opportunities 3. The Call for more Ethics and Social Responsibility – marketers must ensure that they set in an ethical and socially responsible way. THE GROWTH FOR NOT-FOR-PROFIT MARKETING (Examples) †¢Colleges †¢Hospitals †¢Mu seums †¢Zoos †¢Symphony Orchestra †¢Churches

Chapter 12 Discussion Questions

Chapter 12 Discussion Questions 1-5 Dan Yohe 1. Approximatley how far ahead would one need to plan for the following types of facilities? A. Restaurant-At least one to three nights in advance. You could go to the farmers market to get fresh vegetables but you may only be able to get staples/necessities once or twice a week. B. Hospital-I would say at least a week if not a month to be enough to take care of all the patients they might get. C. Oil refinery-An oil refinery I would have to say would need to plan for a weekly possibly monthly schedule. D. Toy factory-I would say a daily maybe weekly schedule to keep up with deamand.E. Public school-I would say based on what I have heard while I was in school that they would have to plan for a monthly schedule. F. Electric power plant-Daily would be my guess to provide power at all times, as well as monthly to bill customers for their services. G. Private school-I would think that they do the same thing that a public school would do most l ikely a monthly schedule. 2. What problems are created by simultaneously considering the capacity questions of how much, how large, where, when, and what type? The facilities decisions are exceedingly complex and extremely difficult to analyze.When these problems are lumped together simultaneously it creates very complex forecasting problems and errors trying to break down data. 3. A school district has forecast student enrollment for several years into the future and predicts excess capacity for 2000 students. The school board says that the only alternative is to close the school. Evaluate. The school board in this scenario is being rash. I think that the school could be opened and run at capacity. They could add on to the school and rent mobile trailers to teach kids in while the additions are being completed.There is a way that this could be dealt with in a way that everyone wins. Closing the school is a worst case scenario and could devastate a community and ruin kid’s ch ances at a shot at a good education. 4. Why are facilities decisions often made by top management? What is the role in these decisions of operations, marketing, finance, accounting, engineering, and human resources. They are made by top management because they have all the information and follow all of the trends of the latest business decisions. The top management people have all of the marketing department information, finances of the company.Accounting sends all the vital information needed to influence specific decisions that management might make. Engineering and human resources do the job that top management assigns them to do. Human resources hires and enforces rules. Engineering does all the assignments that top management assigns them. 5. In what ways does corporate strategy affect capacity decisions? Corporate strategy affects capacity decisions by devising plans to make decisions by coming up with goals to meet budgetary and profitary requirements. Based on all of the inf ormation they can come up with they apply it all and come up with a way to market their product.

Major and Minor Moods in English Grammar

Major and Minor Moods in English Grammar In English grammar, mood is the quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject. It is also known as mode and modality. In traditional grammar, there are three major moods: The indicative mood is used to make factual statements (the  declarative)  or pose questions, such as the interrogative.The imperative mood is used to express a request or command.The (comparatively rare) subjunctive mood  is used to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact. In addition, there are several minor moods in English. Major Moods in English The indicative mood is the  form of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, or asking a question. The  majority of English sentences are in the indicative mood.  It is also called (primarily in  19th-century grammar) indicative mode. An example would be this quote from writer, actor, and director Woody Allen: Life is full of misery, loneliness, and suffering- and its all over much too soon. Here, Allen is expressing a statement of fact (at least in his interpretation). The word is shows that he is stating a fact as he sees it. The imperative mood, by contrast, is the form of the  verb  that makes direct commands and requests, such as Sit  still and Count  your blessings. Another example would be this famous quote from President John F. Kennedy: Ask not what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country. In this sentence, Kennedy was essentially giving a command to the American people. The  subjunctive mood expresses wishes, stipulates demands, or makes statements contrary to fact, such as this line from the play, Fiddler on the Roof: If I were rich, Id have the time that I lack. In this sentence, Tevye, the main character, is expressing that he would have more time if he were rich (which, of course, he is not). Minor Moods in English In addition to the three major moods of English, there are also minor moods. A. Akmajian, R. Demers, A. Farmer, and R. Harnish, explain in Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication that minor moods are usually peripheral to communication, infrequently used, and vary widely. One of the more common minor moods is a tag, a sentence, question, or declaration added to a declarative sentence. These include: Tag declarative: Youve been drinking again, havent you.Tag imperative: Leave the room, will you! Other examples of minor moods are: Pseudo-imperative: Move or Ill shoot!Alternative question: a type of question (or interrogative) that offers the listener a closed choice between two or more answers: Does John resemble his father or his mother? (In this sentence, there is a rising intonation on father and falling intonation on mother.)Exclamative: a sudden, forceful expression or cry.  What a nice day!Optative: a  category of grammatical mood  that expresses a wish, hope, or desire,  May he rest in peace.One more sentence: One more beer and Ill leave.Curse:  a pronouncement of ill fortune. You are a pig!

The University Of Oxford Essays - Oxbridge, Russell Group

The University Of Oxford Essays - Oxbridge, Russell Group The University Of Oxford The University of Oxford The University of Oxford in Oxford, England is a very old and distinguished institution. Oxford University has been in existence for around nine centuries (Brief 1). It is the oldest English speaking university in the world (History 1). There is no exact date when the University was established, but there is some evidence of teaching going on around 1096 (Kenny 2). There are said to be several different founders of the University, but there is no way to designate one over another. Oxford was always struggling to prove it self as being a serious university. This is because of its great rival university in Paris, which got most of the spotlight in the earlier days. Oxford is rich in its origins and history, which is due to its extremely old background. Even though Oxford is such a distinguished institution it does have a past of problems. The University has a history of altercations with the townspeople, which involves fights, major crimes, and conflicts over the unfair treatment the t ownspeople received due to the University. The Universitys relations with authority came with an abundance of privileges. The king and other leaders always put the Universitys needs before the townspeople. Oxford also demanded a great deal from its students, whose lives revolved around the University. Oxford was an extremely difficult school whose courses were of the highest quality. Oxford University is a very important part of Englands history and society today. Oxford Universitys origins, relations with town and authority, students, and curriculum make it of the most important and significant institutions of all time. Oxford University has had many situations, people, and events that have helped in its growth. Oxfords location is in an ideal place for a major university. It is located on the confluence of the Rivers Cherwill and Thames (Oxford 1). Since Oxford is not a great cathedral city its location is one of the things that helped it gain people and popularity in its earlier days (Leff 77). The fact that royal and religious people surrounded Oxford also attracted visitors and students to its whereabouts (Leff 77). Henry I built a palace at Woodstock, which is only a few miles down the road from Oxford (Leff 77). There are also two monasteries built around Oxford, which brought the religious people to the city (Leff 77). One of the major events in Oxfords past, which helped to bring students to the city, is when King Henry III banned English students from attending Paris University in 1167 (Story 4). This forced the English students who were attending Paris to come to Oxford if they wanted to continue their studies. King Henry IIIs ban greatly boosted the number of students attending Oxford University. These are a few of the major things that helped in the growth of Oxford University. The origins of an individual being the head of the school at Oxford are unknown to this day, but there are bits and pieces of historic information that show early leaders. There is some mention of a master of schools around 1201, but there is no chancellor in existence at that time (Thompson 2). In 1214 a charter of liberties, this involves the punishment of the townspeople, contains the first reference to a chancellor (Leff 79). The year 1214 marked the inauguration of a chancellor at Oxford University, whose name is Robert Grosseteste (Leff 79). The chancellor at Oxford symbolized something different than at its rival Paris University. At Oxford the chancellor stands for self-rule because, he was in the society of masters. While at Paris the chancellor was not in the society of masters so he would symbolize alien rule. Probably one of the earliest known teachers is Theobald Stampenisis in 1117 (Leff 77). He taught European fame and is said to have had around fifty pupils while he w as at Oxford (Leff 77). Emo of Friesland was the first student to attend Oxford from overseas in 1190 (History 1). His arrival marked the beginning of Oxford Universitys tradition of international scholarships. These are just a few of the notable leaders who brought about great things to Oxford University. Oxford Universitys relations with authority were something like a parent

Easy Emerald Geode Crystal Project

Easy Emerald Geode Crystal Project Grow this crystal geode overnight using plaster for the geode and a non-toxic chemical to make simulated emerald crystals. Emerald Crystal Geode Materials A geode is a hollow rock that is filled with small crystals. This homemade geode is much like a natural one, except these crystals take hours to form rather than millions of years. monoammonium phosphate (also called ammonium phosphate, sold as a plant fertilizer or for use in dry fire extinguishers)  hot waterfood coloringplaster of Paris   Prepare the Geode Prepare a hollow plaster of Paris rock: First you need a rounded shape in which you can mold your hollow rock. The bottom of one of the depressions in a foam egg carton works great. Another option is to set a piece of plastic wrap inside of a coffee cup or paper cup.Mix a small amount of water in with some plaster of Paris to make a thick paste. If you happen to have a couple of  seed crystals  of ammonium phosphate, you can stir them into the plaster mixture. Seed crystals can be used to provide nucleation sites for the crystals, which can produce a more natural-looking geode.Press the plaster of Paris against the sides and bottom of the depression to make a bowl shape. Use plastic wrap if the container is rigid, so that its easier to remove the plaster.Allow about 30 minutes for the plaster to set up, then remove it from the mold and set it aside to finish drying. If you used plastic wrap, peel it off after you pull the plaster geode out of the container. Grow the Crystals Pour about a half cup of very hot tap water into a cup.Stir in ammonium phosphate until it stops dissolving. This occurs when a few crystals start to accumulate at the bottom of the cup.Add food coloring to color your crystals.Set your plaster geode inside a cup or bowl. You are aiming for a container that is a size such that the crystal solution will just cover the top of the geode.Pour the crystal solution into the geode, allowing it to overflow into the surrounding container and eventually cover the geode. Avoid pouring in any undissolved material.Set the geode in a location where it wont be disturbed. You should see crystal growth overnight.When you are pleased with the appearance of your geode (overnight up to a few days), remove it from the solution and allow it to dry. You can pour the solution down the drain.Keep your geode beautiful by protecting it from high humidity and dust. You can store it wrapped in a paper towel or tissue paper or inside of a display case. Tips and Tricks If green isnt your color, you can use any color of food color you like.You can grow geodes using other chemicals, like salt, sugar, or Epsom salts.If you dont have Plaster of Paris or simply dont want to mess with it, you can grow the geode inside a clean egg shell. The egg shell is calcium carbonate, so this geode is much like a natural mineral. If you pour the crystal solution over the egg shell, youll get crystals both outside and inside the shell. To get crystals only on the inside, fill the shell with the solution.An advanced form of this project is to grow crystals inside a rock that you can crack open to see the crystals. This takes a bit more work, but produces a cool effect.You can hollow an egg shell by making a small hole in one end of the shell and using a needle to stir up the egg. Shake out the egg and allow the shell to dry before filling the hole with the crystal solution. You may need to use a needle for this. After filling the egg, make sure the hole is at the top, so it wont get plugged with crystals. Allow a day for the geode to fill. Drain off the solution and youre done! You might wish to allow several days before opening this geode, to make certain the inside is completely dry.

How the Metropolol Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How the Metropolol Works - Essay Example The essay "How the Metropolol Works" presents the overview of a medication form that is applied in the treatment of diseases and ailments affecting the cardiovascular system. The drug Metropolol can be administered in two forms which may result in instant response since it is injected directly into the blood and that which does not yield instant response in the body. The medical formulation can be used on it or in a mixture with other medicines in order to contain high blood pressure. It is further used in the treatment of angina which is a condition in which a patient experiences severe chest pain due to stress. The condition is heightened by a low flow of blood especially through the blood vessel situated in the heart. The medication increases the chances of survival after a person has experienced a heart attack. It is important to understand that Metropolol operates in the body by causing relaxation of the blood vessels as well as lowering the heart rate in order to improve the flow of blood. The medication can be used in the prevention of a migraine from starting or when it attacks. A migraine is defined as a recurrent and throbbing form of a headache that attacks only one side of the head which is usually accompanied by nausea as well as disturbed vision. Under higher dosage, the medication can lead to drowsiness, diarrhea, dizziness, unusual fatigue, difficulty in sleep, depression, the problem with vision as well as ataxia which is defined by a lack of proper coordination of the movements of the muscles.

Exemplification - Stereotyping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exemplification - Stereotyping - Essay Example This essay assesses the cognitive approach that classification is an important cognitive process that unavoidably leads to stereotyping in the media and gender. Adverts are created with a specific audience in mind. In spite of being designed to appeal the bigger majority in the target audience, there is no finance, resource or capability to market each unique person. Advertisers mostly exploit stereotypical types of genders with the aim of producing advertisements that have the biggest appeal. For instance, in the vast part of the United States, it is believed that men are more aggressive than women. With that mentality, men are mostly used in adverts with the intention of such adverts appealing to a bigger audience (Hawkins-Dady, 2012). It is therefore, important to distinguish between gender, sex and stereotype for research purposes. As a matter of fact, sex is the biological difference between males and females. For gender, it is the social, psychological and cultural characteristics of being a male or a female. In such a case, stereotype comes as a standardized image or conception of specific group of individuals or objects. For example, Bond and Desoto adverts show some exaggerated masculine. The men in the advert seem to be strong, tough and free. The coca cola adverts portray women as caring mothers, socially refined and serving housewives. Additionally, the Levi advert portray women as being sexually promiscuous. Also, the Hitachi telephone portray women as secretaries (Faust, 2013). Coming to the United States made me realize that women are today portrayed as being confident, independent and successful. Most adverts in the papers in United States portray the mentioned qualities, but beauty in women is still linked to being successful. Although, there is a move from this notion as noticed in one Dove advert. This advert seems to go against the norm which portrays women as thin model. The advert uses a fat woman in advertising the

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing Essay

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing - Essay Example The kind of work she does from asking patients how they are doing, and whether they have what they need here; to directing other staff members making sure all hospital work gets done on time and efficiently. She also makes sure along with getting work done is that all staff members get time off and they get to go out too and do not just get stuck with work all the time. This extra care from the nurse manager ensures that they are motivated and happy with whatever work they are doing and they hence do everything in a better way than normally expected. Hence, apart from ensuring that everything gets done on time this nurse also makes sure that everyone gets time off and vacations on time too. This shows how caring she is towards hers staff members and the people she has under her for leading and motivating. We call this inspirational of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders identify and formulate a vision for their followers and sub-ordinates to follow. They create an idea of a future environment and vision. They visualize how things will eventually be if they work and try to achieve success. In the case of the nurse manager, she devises a vision as to how the other nurses should provide to the hospital and the patients. Secondly, all transformational leaders provide a suitable ideal for the workplace and for the people working there. The nurse manager being a transformational leader also sets an example by adhering to activities and rules that are typical of efficient hospital nurse management. Promote the importance and willingness to accept of goals of the entire group of people the transformational leader is leading. The nurse manager also does this through setting goals first and then making sure there is cooperation and understanding in between each group member and all nurses that is so that there is harmony amongst them. This harmony makes sure that all members change their individual goals into collective goals and achieve common group goals henceforth. Uphold expectations pertaining to high formulated levels of performance and making sure that the entire group meets these expectations criteria. The nurse manager gives confidence to the entire staff that they can get this particular task done for example making sure that the hygienic conditions in the hospital are met etc. Catering to individual support. This is done to make sure that the members of the group/team feel worthy and

Strategies for increasing Customer Loyalty Essay

Strategies for increasing Customer Loyalty - Essay Example The airline industry is a case-in-point. Customer loyalty programs, while different in their form and detail, often have the same basic features. As Brook Consulting (2006) puts it, "many companies focus on rewarding customers who have repeat purchases . . . such reward programs have their place in assuring customer loyalty . . . however, if the product or service doesn't meet customer needs, no reward program will keep them returning." (my emphasis). The basic fact is that if a company offers a product or service that consumers desire then no customer loyalty program is really needed as the customers will return to give repeat business. This paper will analyze a number of different types of customer loyalty programs, from those that succeed to those of uncertain success to those that have not worked. There is a great variety of reward and loyalty programs currently in place. As Kim (2001) puts it, "in the marketplace we observe a diverse set of offerings, ranging from cash rewards, firm's free products or service, or free products or service of another firm in a different category". Thus, The question arises as to whether there is any method to the apparent madness of these customer loyalty programs. ... Wal-Mart is the largest retail company in the world. It provides a whole range of consumer goods from clothes to sports-ware to household items to food and automotive services. It sells virtually any consumer product that a customer could want, becoming almost ubiquitous in recent years. Recently it has also expanded its offerings to include on-site banking, hairdressing, tax advice and numerous other activities that it normally offers through outsourcing. Wal-Mart has no customer loyalty program because it does not need one. By the end of 2003, more than 100,000,000 /week visited Wal-Mart stores worldwide, and it had $256 billion in sales (Economist 2004). The very appearance of a Wal-Mart in an area seems to create its own self-contained customer loyalty program. None that is centrally organized is needed. Wal-Mart's customer loyalty is gained by offering the best prices on a whole range of products, together with a remarkably liberal return policy that allows a no-questions asked return on most goods up to three months after purchase. Wal-Mart currently employs more than 1.7 million people worldwide, with 1.3 million of them in America alone. This makes it the largest private employer in America, and probably the largest company that the world has ever known. Such massive size brings the obvious advantages of economies of scale. Thus Wal-Mart can offer the lowest possible prices on its products through its massive buying leverage with its suppliers. It can pick and choose its suppliers, and there is great competition to become a leader supplier to Wal-Mart. For about half of companies customer loyalty programs take on a more concrete, and risky dynamic, as they offer to

Documentary Film assignment (Roger and Me) Movie Review

Documentary Film assignment (Roger and Me) - Movie Review Example The film counteracts the modern management and moral pragmatism all in opposition to the mentality in the search for excellence. In the real sense, this movie comprises of corporate newspeak message. Analysis of the importance of profits in the large corporations at the peril of the workers life in provided. In this interesting documentary, there is a procedural indicator of daily flaws in the society. Moore deploys dialects in the film medium to label the face of true capitalism in real life. The most outstanding scene is where Smith gives a speech in Christmas television while, on the other hand; Moore demonstrates the eviction of GM worker. There is a direct correlation between the manipulative nature of corporates and Christmas ceremony hence justifying some heartless nature. Moore is more of a critic unto the stakeholders in the American corporate world. As per the film there is much negativity with some minimal truth hence Moore proves to be unfair. He is also an individual who portrays that corporate neglects and poverty counts as sins hence appeals to minimal

The Function of Ethical Leadership as an Essential Factor in Thesis

The Function of Ethical Leadership as an Essential Factor in Successful Organizations - Thesis Example This research is based on understanding the concept of ethical leadership in the context of organizational success. The study has extensively reviewed the earlier researches conducted and has focused on the features of ethical leaders that include their being honest, daring, forthright, strong and capable of influencing others. The positive contributions of the ethical leadership concept on organizations have also been found in several companies, some of which have been taken as examples for the study. The study has reflected how ethical leadership has and can positively influence companies towards achieving their organizational goals and thus act as an essential factor in achievement of organizational success. Leadership has been widely defined as â€Å"a process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task† (Chemers, 1997, p.1). Thus leadership can be understood as an activity performed by a gr oup where one may be leading the group. Organizations require leaders and leadership in the context of achieving organizational goals and objectives encountering all internal and external factors (Chemers, 1997, pp.1-3). Leadership that represents the power to direct others towards attainment of common goals within organizations has a major effect on the ethical issues of an organization particularly in decision making processes. Leaders have been associated with the motivation of employees and settlement of norms of an organization. They are capable of positively affecting the different policies through effective performances of the organizational members. Often the head of an organization like the chief executive officer and other managers are considered as the most important organizational leaders; however the roles of the board members are equally significant in the decision making of organizational objectives (Oluseyi & Hammed, 2009, p.8). The ethics and leadership are thus ass ociated significantly towards

Documentary Film assignment (Roger and Me) Movie Review

Documentary Film assignment (Roger and Me) - Movie Review Example The film counteracts the modern management and moral pragmatism all in opposition to the mentality in the search for excellence. In the real sense, this movie comprises of corporate newspeak message. Analysis of the importance of profits in the large corporations at the peril of the workers life in provided. In this interesting documentary, there is a procedural indicator of daily flaws in the society. Moore deploys dialects in the film medium to label the face of true capitalism in real life. The most outstanding scene is where Smith gives a speech in Christmas television while, on the other hand; Moore demonstrates the eviction of GM worker. There is a direct correlation between the manipulative nature of corporates and Christmas ceremony hence justifying some heartless nature. Moore is more of a critic unto the stakeholders in the American corporate world. As per the film there is much negativity with some minimal truth hence Moore proves to be unfair. He is also an individual who portrays that corporate neglects and poverty counts as sins hence appeals to minimal

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay Example for Free

Famine, Affluence, and Morality Essay In Singer’s article Famine, Affluence, and Morality, his main goal is to get the point across that there are people in the developing world that are starving and have a lack of healthcare and the lack of shelters. He argues about how affluent countries react to the issues like Bengal and the way they look at the moral issue surrounding it. He also argues that the way of life is taken for granted by affluence people. The first counter- argument in the article is â€Å"the view that numbers do make a difference† (Singer, 1971). It refers to if every affluent person would give 5 dollars to the Bengal Relief Fund that money would add up. Therefore, there is no reason to have to give more money than anyone else in the same position. Singer argues that this is based off a hypothetical situation. He, however, says in the article that there is no way for that work since no one would give more than 5 dollars then there would not be enough money to provide food, shelter, and medical care. He says by giving more than 5 dollars he will be able to end more suffering. The second counter argument people do not judge the way Singer suggested they should. Many people tend to keep their judgments to themselves unless they go overboard, step out bounds, and break some type of moral code. The example that Singer uses is taking someone else’s property. Most people tend not to look bad on owning expensive items instead of giving to people less fortunate. Singer’s response to this argument is, â€Å"unless that principle is rejected, or the arguments are shown to be unsound, I think the conclusion must stand however strange it appears. It might, nevertheless, be interesting to consider why our society, and most other societies, do judge differently from the way I have suggested they should. † (Singer, 1972) At what point do people draw the line at what should be done and what is good but not mandatory. Singer brings up a point that, â€Å"In a society which held that no man should have more than enough while others have less than they need. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Many people are influenced by the people around them. If people are giving less than people around them are likely to give less, but if people give more than people around him are likely to give more. The third counter argument is the difference between duty and charity. The argument is that in some utilitarian theory that everyone should work full time to increase happiness over misery. Meaning that, if people work more, are paid more money than people would not be as miserable, many people say money cannot buy happiness. Singer’s reaction to this counter- argument is that, â€Å"we ought to be preventing as much suffering as we can without sacrificing something else of comparable moral importance. † (Utilitarian Philosophers, NDG) Singer defines marginal utility as the level at which giving more would result in suffering in his dependents or himself. The meaning of this is that one would limit their material possessions to less than nothing. He further explains that he proposed a more moderate version of marginal utility, â€Å"that we should prevent bad occurrences unless, to do so, we had to sacrifice something morally significant, for one might hold that to reduce oneself and ones family to this level is to cause something significantly bad to happen. (Singer, 1972) It relates to his arguments because he insists that we need to limit our material possessions to that of the Bengal refugees. Singer compares the distinction between duty and charity as not an easy line to draw. However Singer gives an example as this, â€Å"The charitable man may be praised, but the man who is not charitable is not condemned. When we buy new clothes not to keep ourselves, warm but to look well-dressed we are not providing for any important need. We would not be sacrificing anything significant if we were to continue to wear our old clothes, and give the money to famine relief. By doing so, we would be preventing another person from starving. † (Singer, 1972) In other words, instead of buying expensive worthless stuff for yourself giving the extra money would benefit more people and make it more charitable; however, you do not give the extra money to charity you are not looked at any differently. I do agree with some parts of his article, however, I disagree with most of it. First, I think that his article come off with a major attitude in my mind. He does however make some good points like the way he talks about how some people are influenced by the people around them. Another good point that he made is it should not matter how far the distance is wither they are in the same area as you are thousands of miles away. I do not agree with how he insinuates that the richer you are the more you should give. I believe that a person should give as much as he or she wants. I also believe that a person giving charity should not be held at a higher pedestal then someone that is not able to give to charity.

Effects Of Heat And PH On Plant Pigments Biology Essay

Effects Of Heat And PH On Plant Pigments Biology Essay The aim of this laboratory exercise is to determine and consider the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment by using the examples of peas, cranberry juice and blackberry juice. Carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids are the three major groups of plant pigment. The results of this laboratory was that the different colour and texture of peas were caused by different pH. In addition, the heat and pH will influence the structure of carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids so that changes the colour of the plant. Anthocyanins are water soluble that easily lose in water. INTRODUCTION: Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecules that absorbs and reflects light. The various pigments contained in their tissues tell the colors differently because they have differing abilities to absorb and reflect various colors of light (Charley 1982). Most of the pigments occur in a specialised bodies lying in the protoplasm of the cell called plastids. Occasionally, the water soluble pigments are dissolved in the vacuoles however they are not generally dispersed throughout the cell. The main pigments of vegetables and fruits fall into two groups: water soluble and fat soluble (Srilakshmi 2003). Plant pigment can be classified as carotenoids, chlorophylls, and flavonoids. Flavonoid pigments are water soluble and it can be divided in to anthocyanins and anthoxanthins (Brown 2008). Anthocyanins are highly water soluble pigment that range in colour from red to purple. The anthoxanthins are colourless, white or pale yellow. However, flavonoid pigments are sensitive to heat and readily to be lost in cooking water (Charley 1982). Carotenoids and chlorophylls are fat soluble which are found in plastids. Carotenoids are the colour groups of yellow, orange and red. Carotenoids are present as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene, xanthophylls and cryptoxanthin in plants (Hanson 1954). On the other hand, in green leaves they occur in chloroplasts. Chlorophylls are the green pigments of leaves that found in chloroplasts along with some carotenes and xanthophylls. In addition, it is critical for the light reactions of photosynthesis (Srilakshmi 2003). The pigments of chlorophyll that are commonly include chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll a is dynamic blue green in colour and it is present in the florets of blue green broccoli. Chlorophyll b is dull yellow green colour and it is present in stalks. The different heat conditions caused the changes of the structure of chlorophyll which is connected with the loss of magnesium ion from the chlorophyll molecule and replaced by hydrogen therefore affects the colour of vegetables (Stathopoulos 2010). The factors including changes in temperature and pH may influence the colour of anthocyanin in plant food during simmering (Brown 2008). Acid tap water amplifies the red colour of anthocyanins. Alkaline water changes the reddish-blue to blue and then to green. This phenomenon of colour is because the changes in structure of the same basic compound (Srilakshmi 2003). Plant food have been recognised as a good source of carbohydrates and daily fibre. Plant food are also contain minerals and vitamins A, E, C, thiamin, vitamin B6, riboflavin, niacin and folate. Phytochemicals in fruits and vegetables, such as polyphenolics, carotenoids, and glucosinolates, may also have nutritional value (Jongen 2002). However, vegetables lose nutrients when they are cooked, mainly by solution to the cooking water (Charley 1982). The objective of this experiment is to consider the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment by using the examples of peas, cranberry juice and blue berry juice. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The methods and materials required to determine the effect of heat and pH on plant pigment were performed according to the laboratory manual. However, the blueberry juice was changed to blackberry juice. In addition, in the experiment of cranberry juice, group 2 did not collect the value of pH. RESULTS: Table 1: The class pH result of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Peas + Distilled H2O 6.83 6.02 6.06 7.2 6.75 6.96 6.6 Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O 2.49 2.72 2.6 4.8 3.89 3.77 3.4 Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O 12.20 12.88 12.23 12.2 12.49 12.78 12.463 Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O 2.77 2.97 2.5 4.04 3.65 3.68 3.3 Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O 12.41 12.78 12.24 12.02 12.72 12.58 12.458 Canned Peas 5.95 5.37 5.2 6.15 5.90 6.17 5.8 According to Table 1, the example of peas with NaOH and distilled water has the highest average pH that is 12.463, followed by peas with NaOH and cold distilled water that is 12.458, which are very close. The lowest pH is peas with vinegar and distilled water that is 3.3. Table 2: The class colour results of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Peas + Distilled H2O Bright green Bright Green Pea green Green Yellow green Light green 2. Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O Dull green Light/Pale Green Brown- green Faint Green Army green Olive 3.Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O Bright green Green Pea green Green Bright green Bright green 4. Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O Very dull green Pale Green/ Yellow Brown green Faint Green Yellow More green than yellow Green 5. Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O Bright green Bright Green Pea green Green Green uniform Green 6. Canned Peas Brown Pale Green brown Brown Yellow Dark army green Olive Table 2 reflects that sample 1, 3 and 5 have similar colour range which is green, and sample 2, 4 and 6 have semblables colour which is brown. These results shows under the acid conditions, the range of peasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ colour is from green to brown. On the other hand, the colour of peas will stay same under alkaline conditions. Table 3: The class texture results of each group about chlorophyll. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Texture Texture Texture Texture Texture Texture Peas + Distilled H2O Firm Firm Firm Firm Dry hard 2. Peas + Vinegar + Distilled H2O Moderately firm, dry, loss of shape Slightly Firm Firm Firm Very dry Soft 3.Peas + 1N NaOH + Distilled H2O Soft, mushy, sticky, loss of shape Mushy Mush Mushy Mushy Very soft /mushy 4. Peas + Vinegar + Cold Distilled H2O Very firm Very Firm Firm Firm Medium plump Not so soft 5. Peas + 1N NaOH + Cold Distilled H2O Very soft, mushy, loss of shape Mushy Mush Mushy Very plump Hardest 6. Canned Peas Very firm Slightly Firm Softish Firm Firm Very soft According to the result of Table 3, the texture of sample 3 and 5 are mush and soft, and others are firm. This result shows the alkaline caused the mush and soft texture of peas, and the acidity of the water will caused the higher firmness of peas. Table 4: The class pH results of each group about anthocyanins. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O 2.79 3.02 3.06 3.12 3.45 3.12 3.1 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH 5) 4.93 5.07 4.85 4.98 5.09 4.95 5 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH7) 6.69 7.17 7.1 7.2 7.11 6.94 7.0 Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH10) 9.97 10.02 10.04 9.95 10.64 10.0 10.1 Table 5: the class colour result of blackberry juice. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O Dark burgundy Red Red Reddish Red Pink Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH 5) Orange/pink translucent Pink/ Red Grey pink Pink Pink Light pink Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH7) Brown/orange translucent Brown/ Green Dull green Brown greying Light green olive Pink with a hint of yellow Blackcurrant Fruit Drink + Distilled H2O (pH10) Dark black/green Dark Green Dull green Yellow green Dark green olive Yellowish green colour Table 6: The class pH results of each group about anthocyanins. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Average Sample pH pH pH pH pH pH pH Cranberry + Distilled H2O 2.72 2.88 2.92 3.00 3.00 2.9 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH5) 4.25 5.5 4.97 5.02 5.57 5.1 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH7) 7.3 7.2 7.03 7.03 7.82 7.3 Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH10) 10.62 10.1 9.93 10.05 10.41 10.2 Table 7: the class colour result of cranberry juice. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Sample Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Colour Cranberry + Distilled H2O Light pink Pale Pink Pale pink Faint Pink Light pink Pink Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH5) Lighter pink Slight Clear/ Ting of Pink Clear with a pink tinge Clear Pink Lighter pink Dark pink colour Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH7) Light yellow Yellow/ Olive Green Yellow green Faint yellow Apple juice green Brownish Cranberry + Distilled H2O (pH10) Yellow Olive Green Yellow green (slightly greener than 7 pH) Green yellow Apple juice green Olive green According to the Table 4 to 7, although the average number of the pH is close to the laboratory manuals data, the results of each group are slightly different. Because the anthocyanins is very sensitive to pH that even a small different in pH will cause the colour changed (see page 12 to 15). DISCUSSION: The green colour becomes brighter when a green vegetable is first put to cook in boiling water. Greater translucency of plant tissue due to expulsion of intercellular air has been suggested as a possible cause (Charley 1982). As boiling continues, compartmentalization within the cell is disrupted. Constituents, there are organic acid, diffuse from the vacuoles throughout the cell and into the boiling water (Sterling 1944). As the acids contact the chlorophylls the latter are converted to their respective pheophytins. No longer masked by the intense green chlorophyll, the yellow and orange pigments present in green plant tissue now show along with green. This combination together with the pheophytins gives the vegetable a muddy olive green hue (Srilakshmi 2003). Green vegetables that are lower in acid retain a higher percentage of chlorophyll and of their green colour when they are cooked than do more acid vegetables. Vegetables like peas, beans, greens are sometimes canned. During ca nning chlorophyll gets converted to pheophytin due to high temperatures used. Sometimes to retain the colour and to neutralise the acid, alkali is added (Charley 1982). Furthermore, the soda changed texture, any soda not required to neutralize the acid in the cooking water will react with the chlorophyll. The sodium salt of chlorophyll gives to cooked green vegetables an intense and artificial appearing greenness. Vegetables cooked with soda tend to have a mushy texture, due to breakdown of hemicelluloses in the cell walls (Charley 1982).. Anthocyanins have a positive charge on the molecule, and it enables to absorb light and thus have colour. Anthocyanidins are anthocyanins without sugar in their structure . They are pelargonidin, cyaniding and delphindin (Brown 2008). As pH changes, the colour of anthocyanin also changes. In the acid conditions, the molecules have positive charge on the oxygen atom due to the acidity of the cell in which these compounds are formed. This common form at a pH of 3.0 or less, maintains or shifts the hue towards red (Charley 1982). However, as the pH is increased toward a weak acid or even neutral solution, the oxonium (the positively charged oxygen form) is changed to the quinine form. The quinine form has a violet colour. In an alkaline medium still another change takes place as a salt of the violet compound, called a colour base. The alkaline salt of the colour base has a distinctly blue colour (Srilakshmi 2003). Figure 1: The structure of anthocyanin. Red cabbage presents unusually wild swings in colour with a alter in pH, it is because of the presence of more than four hydroxyl groups on the anthocyanin molecule. To ensure that the pH is sufficiently acidic, red cabbage is frequently cooked with addition of some slices of a tart apple in order to avoid the development of a blue, highly unpalatable pigment colour (Srilakshmi 2003). The pigment of bluish green shade was given by the addition of alkali . This shade is probably caused by the presence of anthoxanthins with anthocyanins. On the addition of alkali, the anthoxanthins turn yellow during the anthocyanins turn blue, and then the mixture of the two colours appear green. The addition of alkali alters the structure of anthocyanin molecule and produces a salt (Srilakshmi 2003). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the bright colors of vegetables contribute to the esthetic pleasure of eating. The three major groups of plant pigment are carotenoids, chlorophylls and flavonoids which are effect by the pH and heat. The colour alters differently under variable conditions. Therefore, we need to understand the changes that take place in the colour of vegetables and how to kept the pigment of the plant.

Eveline, Dubliners and James Joyce :: Joyce Dubliners Essays

Eveline, Dubliners and James Joyce    "Eveline" is the story of a young teenager facing a dilemma where she has to choose between living with her father or escaping with Frank, a sailor which she has been courting for some time. The story is one of fifteen stories written by James Joyce in a collection called "Dubliners". These stories follow a certain pattern that Joyce uses to express his ideas: "Joyce's focus in Dubliners is almost exclusively on the middle-class Catholics known to himself and his family"(the Gale Group). Joyce's early life, family background, and his catholic background appear in the way he writes these stories. "Where Joyce usually relates his stories to events in his life, there are some stories which are actually events that took place in his life" (Joyce, Stanislaus). James Joyce in his letter to Grant Richard writes:    My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the center of paralysis. I tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of these aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order. (5 May 1906; Selected letters). (Ingersoll)    In the story, Eveline's family is described poor, and they probably don't live a very comfortable life. The dust and Eveline's struggle for money mentioned in the story all go to explain the misery in their life: "Besides, the invariable squabble for money on Saturday nights had begun to weary her unspeakably"(Joyce5). This misery also appears in other stories by Joyce like 'The Sisters' and 'Araby'. Joyce could have related his childhood days when his family was in some financial crises to the family background of Eveline in the story: "but the [Joyce's] family fortunes took a sharp turn for the worse during Joyce's childhood" (Gale Group). From the story, we are told that it is from this misery, and her father's attitude that Eveline decides she would leave home, although, she does not leave at the end of the story. Joyce could have been writing about the urge the had to leave Dublin during his youth because he: "[cites] the city of Dublin as the center of paralysis" (t he Gale Group).

As I Lay Dying: The Love Of Family :: essays research papers

Ah, love. Love is so often a theme in many a well-read novel. In the story, As I Lay Dying, one very important underlying theme is not simply love, but the power to love. Some of the characters have this ability; some can only talk about it. Perhaps more than anyone, Addie and Jewel have this power- one which Jewel, by saving his mother twice, merges with his power to act. As the Bible would have it, he does "not love in word, neither in tongue; but in deed and in truth" (1 John 3:18). Jewel, Addie's son by Whitfield, is 18 years old. Like Pearl, the product of Hester Prynne's adulterous affair in Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter, Jewel's name is a symbol of the value his mother places on him. The favoritism that Addie showed him is responsible for the antagonism between him and Darl. Jewel personifies Addie's preference for experience over words. He is always in motion. He expresses himself best through actions. When he verbalizes his love for Addie- in his single monologue- he does so with a violent fantasy about hurling down stones on outsiders. Elsewhere, he expresses his love for her through deeds, not words. While Addie lies dying on her corn-shuck mattress, Darl convinces Jewel to take a trip with him to pick up a load of lumber. Darl knows that Jewel is Addie's favorite child. The trip for lumber is a contrivance- Darl's way of keeping Jewel from his mother's bedside when she dies. A wheel breaks on the wagon, and before Darl and Jewel can replace it, bring the wagon home, and load Addie's body onto it for the trip to Jefferson, three days have passed. By this time, heavy rains have flooded the Yoknapatawpha River and washed out all the bridges that cross it. The river is vicious, and the Bundrens' mules drown. The wagon tips over, and. Jewel, on horseback, manages to keep the wagon and its load from drifting downstream, saving his mother’s decomposing body. When the family finally makes it through the ordeal, they spend the night at the Gillespies' farm. Darl sets fire to the barn where Addie's body is stored in an effort to spare his mother. However, Jewel once again saves her coffin with a heroic act.

What Is History Essay

History is looking at others perspective, point of view, understanding what they thought was okay and not okay. Evidence is cruel in history. Without evidence historians would not have known what happened. In an historical event such as Columbus and his men, and some people may be very bias to what he did, but what he did do to these people are not Okay, and would never in a million years pass in this century. Over a million Taint Indians killed, murdered, raped, shipped into slavery.Without Columbus journal and is men and the priest journal, we would probably not really know what happen and how cruel he was to these people that welcomed and showed Him and His Men the land. A historical account would be that would still think he is an amazing person, that did great and wonderful things, but in reality he didn't. Of course everything is selective or omitted, like when we were writing our biography or interviewing our parents, they would not want someone to know every detail.What if th ey were doing something they didn't want a trainer or their children or child to know? But how could we if the primary source story is reliable? That's when we go to secondary sources. When there are two different stories we could go to witnesses or friends that were there with them. In history, the audience is who writes the books, tells the stories, and passes on the knowledge from their grandparents or parents to their children and they pass it on to their children.

Fololio Mulagia Essay

In May of 2011 a Samoan schoolteacher by the name of Folole Muliaga was sent home from a New Zealand hospital suffering from a terminal illness called cardiomyopathy. Because, doctors believed she did not have much longer to live she was sent home with two oxygen tanks to help aid her with her illness. McNaughton (2006) states that on May 29 a contractor for Vircom EMS was sent by Mercury Energy to the Muliaga’s home to disconnect the electricity supply. Mrs. Muliaga pleaded with the contractor to keep the electricity because of her health condition but he disagreed. A few short hours later Mrs.  Muliaga would perish. Prior to the Muliaga’s electricity being disconnected, the family had an outstanding balance of $168. 00, and could not afford to pay the bill. The case of Folole Muliaga would later be broadcast around the world capturing the attention of many government officials. This paper will cover many aspects including but not limited to: the consequences and outcomes of the scenario, the illegal and unethical aspects of the Mercury Company, was the role of the coroner and police department justifiable, and lastly, what reforms and guidelines were put in place as a result of the devastating tragedy? Evaluate Ethical Behavior: The Historical Case of Folole Muliaga Folole Muliaga, a 44 year old terminally ill mother of four suffering from cardiomyopathy perished after not being able to pay a $168. 00 electricity bill. As a result of Mrs. Muliaga sickness she was unable to continue her teaching career which brought in the majority of the household income. Johnston (2007) states that Mercury Energy was unaware that disconnecting power to a South Auckland home could have potentially life-threatening consequences. The resulted consequence was too harsh; to disconnect the electricity given that Mrs. Muliaga was just released from the hospital days earlier. The major price Mrs. Muliaga paid was dying 3 hours after the electricity was disconnected from her home. The family of Mrs. Muliaga would later dispute that the bill was not overdue, and that it was actually due days later. Bennett (2007) states that Folole’s husband actually made a partial payment on May 17 and would make another payment a few days later. The Mercury Energy contractor who disconnected the power says he was unaware that Mrs. Muliaga depended on oxygen tanks to live. What’s disturbing is that the Muliaga family states that when the ontractor arrived, Mrs. Muliaga invites him in and thourgly explains to him her health circumstances. She begins to plead with him not to disconnect the electricity, but he is not being attentive to her needs. He states he is simply doing his job, and that she must contact Mercury Energy to have the electricity restored. Although health professionals who treated the victim said her health problems had tremendously worsened over the past few months, does not make it morally nor ethically factual for the company to not hear the concerns of its customers. After the incident went ational the general manager for Mercury Energy stated that he was sure the company was not at fault for Mrs. Muliaga’s death. Cleve (2007) He contended: I’m confident that the processes we have put, the communications we had with the customer, were very clear about the circumstances that would happen. The general manager’s arrogance toward Muliaga’s death clearly shows his lack of concern and unethical behavior. His thoughts are that the company done nothing immorally or illegally wrong. In the case of Folole Muliaga there was almost a trial by media, pressuring Mercury to change how they conduct business with customers who ave severe medical conditions. A company’s culture is the biggest element of how it handles difficult situations. Companies no matter how large or small should have a value statement that aids them on what is considered ethical behavior. The actions of Mercury Energy were illegal in the eyes of many consumers and shareholders around the world. It’s very bothersome and also reality that individuals who occupy senior level managenet roles does not uphold the standards and intergrity when it comes to satisfying the needs of customers. Meredith (2007) says the behavior of Mercury Energy top xecutives serves to do no more than confirm just about every negative stereotype there is about impersonal, arrogant, and greedy corporates. What makes Folole’s story so alarming is that Mercury Energy is a state owned enterprise, which means the taxpayers solely, owns the company. Research states that Jones (1991) a moral issue is present when a person’s actions, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others. It’s imperative to know that many judgments are moral decisions because they have a moral component, such as the case of Folole Muliaga. The actions that took place in Mrs. Muliaga’s home was horribly illegal and unethical, because the situation was not investigated thourghly. If the contractor would have taken five minutes to contact someone about Mrs. Muliaga’s severe health condition her life probably could have been prolonged. The contractor’s irrational behavior to further assist the family is what makes this situation so demoralizing. A few weeks after Folole’s Muliaga’s death, Police announced that there was no evidence that did not point to Mercury Energy nor the contractor’s that they were at fault for Mrs. Muliaga’s death. After Folole’s death the family expressed that the Police department showed lack of â€Å"Cultural Awareness† and had â€Å"institutionalized racism†. Bridgeman (2010) Coroner Gordon Matenga concluded that Mrs. Muliaga died of natural causes but, an arrhythmia caused by morbid obesity and that the cessation of oxygen therapy and stress arising from the fact of the disconnection (as opposed to the way in which the power was disconnected) have contributed to her death. To agree with the coroner’s report individuals would really have to reexamine Folole’s case. Certainly, the victim had health issues that contributed to her death. But, the question we must ask ourselves is that if Mrs. Muliaga’s electricity was never turned off would she have still perished a few hours later. Many of us would answer the question by saying no, she would still be alive. In many of our thoughts and private belief’s we would say that Mercury Energy is responsible for her death. Summary: The Folole’s Muliaga’s story should have been an eye opener for all major corporations. Many companies today do not follow Corporate Social Responsibility. Many top managers and executives are simply in the business to make a large profit off of its shareholders and onsumers. Organizations have to reexamine the culture, morals, and values of why they are in business. Meredith (2007) In the case of Mercury Energy, those needs should have been understood to include the cultural and economic issues of a Samoan family struggling to make a go of their lives in New Zealand and to have been deserving of care and respect in addressing what turned out to be the life threatening issue of the discontinuation of their electricity supply. A variety of theoretical perspectives have been established to support researchers and most mportantly managers on social issues. These concepts would help organizations to understand the importance of having values and morals when it comes to dealing with the public. The social life cycle theory was used to analyze the Mercury Energy case. Ackerman (1975) found that, in general, the responsiveness of business organizations to social issues progresses through a three-phase trajectory; policy, learning, and commitment. Most of us who are familiar with the Muliaga case would say that the company was in refutation about the Muliaga issue.

An Autocratic Leadership Style Essay

1. Introduction 1.1 OBJECTIVE:- Autocratic leadership, also known as authoritarian leadership, is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers. Autocratic leadership involves absolute, authoritarian control over a group. The objective of doing this project is to understand Autocratic Leadership Style in detail. 1.2 TITLE OF THE PROJECT:- The title of the project is Autocratic Leadership Style Autocratic describes a way of ruling, but not in a nice way. An autocratic leader is one who rules with an iron fist; in other words — someone with the behaviour of a dictator. In an autocratic leadership style, the person in charge has total authority and control over decision making. By virtue of their position and job responsibilities, they not only control the efforts of the team, but monitor them for completion –often under close scrutiny This style is reminiscent of the earliest tribes and empires. Obviously, our historical movement toward democracy brings a negative connotation to autocracy, but in some situations, it is the most appropriate type of leadership. That, of course, doesn’t mean a blank check to ignore the wellbeing of his subordinate. In an autocratic leadership style, the person in charge has total authority and control over decision making. By virtue of their position and job responsibilities, they not only control the efforts of the team, but monitor them for completion –often under close scrutiny This style is reminiscent of the earliest tribes and empires. Obviously, our historical movement toward democracy brings a negative connotation to autocracy, but in some situations, it is the most appropriate type of leadership. That, of course, doesn’t mean a blank check to ignore the wellbeing of his subordinate. 1.2 LAYOUT OF THE PROJECT:- a. Introduction b. Types of Leadership Styles c. Autocratic Leadership Style d. Characteristics of Autocratic Leadership Style e. When to use Autocratic Leadership Style f. Prone and corns of Autocratic Leadership Style g. Case Study h. Recommendation i. Conclusion j. Bibliography 1.4 LITERATURE:- For my project I have referred:- http://www.leadership-toolbox.com/autocratic-leadership.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style http://www.action-wheel.com/autocratic-leadership-style.html http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/f/autocratic-leadership.htm http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/autocratic http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadstl.html http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/authoritarian-leadership-the-secret-behind-steve-jobs-success/33963/ 1.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION:- There are basically 2 methods of research DESCRIPTIVE METHOD AND SCIENTIFIC METHOD. In my Project I will be using DESCRIPTIVE method. Secondary data method will be used for doing this project. Secondary data would the information collecting from the articles, internet, and books. After collecting that I have recommended interpretation of cause and effect. 2. Types of Leadership Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction,  implementing plans, and motivating people. As seen by the employees, it includes the total pattern of explicit and implicit actions performed by their leader (Newstrom, Davis, 1993). The first major study of leadership styles was performed in 1939 by Kurt Lewin who led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership (Lewin, Lippit, White, 1939). This early study has remained quite influential as it established the three major leadership styles: (U.S. Army, 1973): authoritarian or autocratic – the leader tells his or her employees what to do and how to do it, without getting their advice participative or democratic – the leader includes one or more employees in the decision making process, but the leader normally maintains the final decision making authority Delegative or laissez-fair – the leader allows the employees to make the decisions, however, the leader is still respons ible for the decisions that are made Although good leaders use all three styles, with one of them normally dominant, bad leaders tend to stick with the one style, normally autocratic. AUTHORITARIAN OR AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP I want both of you to. . This style is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice of their followers. Some of the appropriate conditions to use this style is when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are short on time, and/or your employees are well motivated. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats. This is not the authoritarian style, rather it is an abusive, unprofessional style called â€Å"bossing people around.† It has absolutely no place in a leader’s repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the participative style. Participative or Democratic Leadership Let’s work together to solve this. . . This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. A leader is not expected to know everything—this is why you employ knowledgeable and skilled people. Using this style is of mutual benefit as it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions. Delegative or Laissez-faire Leadership You two take care of the problem while I go. . . In this style, the leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are able to analyse the situation and determine what needs to be done and how to do it. You cannot do everything! You must set priorities and delegate certain tasks. This is not a style to use so that you can blame others when things go wrong, rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and have confidence in the people below you. Do not be afraid to use it, however, use it wisely! NOTE: Laissez-faire (or lais ·ser faire) is the non-interference in the affairs of others. [French : laissez, second person pl. imperative of laisser, to let, allow + faire, to do.] Transactional Leadership Style The transactional style of leadership was first described by Max Weber in 1947 and then later described by Bernard Bass in 1981. Mainly used by management, transactional leaders focus their leadership on motivating followers through a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors which form the basis for this system, Contingent Reward and management-by-exception. Contingent Reward Provides rewards, materialistic or psychological, for effort and recognizes good performance. Management-by-Exception allows the leader to maintain the status quo. The  leader intervenes when subordinates do not meet acceptable performance levels and initiates corrective action to improve performance. Management by exception helps reduce the workload of managers being that they are only called-in when workers deviate from course. This type of leader identifies the needs of their followers and gives rewards to satisfy those needs in exchange of certain level of performance. Transactional leaders focus on increasing the efficiency of established routines and procedures. They are more concerned with following existing rules than with making changes to the organization. A transactional leader establishes and standardizes practices that will help the organization reach: Maturity Goal-setting Efficiency of operation Increasing productivity. Effect on work teams  survey done by Jun Liu, Xiaoyu Liu and Xianju Zeng on the correlation of transactional leadership and how innovations can be affected by team emotions. The research was composed of 90 work teams, with a total of 460 members and 90 team leaders. The study found that there is a relationship between emotions, labor behavior and transactional leadership that affect for the team. Depending on the level of emotions of the team; this can affect the transactional leader in a positive or negative way. Transactional leaders work better in teams where there is a lower level of emotions going into the project. This is because individuals are able to Think freely when setting their emotions aside from their work. Have all of their focus on the given task. A transactional leader is: Negatively affected when the emotional level is high. Positively affected when the emotional level is low. Transactional leadership presents a form of strategic leadership that is important for the organizations development. Transactional leadership is essential for team innovativeness. Transformational Leadership Style A transformational leader is a type of person in which the leader is not limited by his or her followers’ perception. The main objective is to work to change or transform his or her followers’ needs and redirect their thinking. Leaders that follow the transformation style of leading, challenge and inspire their followers with a sense of purpose and excitement.[10] They also create a vision of what they aspire to be, and communicate this idea to others (their followers). According to Schultz and Schultz, there are three identified characteristics of a transformational leader: Charismatic leadership has a broad knowledge of field, has a self-promoting personality, high/great energy level, and willing to take risk and use irregular strategies in order to stimulate their followers to think independently Individualized consideration Intellectual stimulation 3. Autocratic Leadership Style 2.1 BACKGROUND Authoritarian leaders are commonly referred to as autocratic leaders. They provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. There is also a clear divide between the leader and the followers. Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. Authoritarian leaders uphold stringent control over their followers by directly regulating rules, methodologies, and actions. Authoritarian leaders construct gaps and build distance between themselves and their followers with the intention of stressing role distinctions. This type of leadership dates back to the earliest tribes and empires. It is often used in present day when there is little room for error, such as construction jobs or manufacturing jobs. Authoritarian leadership typically fosters little creativity in decision-making. Lewin also found that it is more difficult to  move from an authoritarian style to a democratic style than from a democratic form to an authoritarian form of leadership. Abuse of this style is usually viewed as controlling, bossy and dictatorial. Authoritarian leadership is best applied to situations where there is little time for group discussion. 3.2 Views of Autocratic Leaders A common belief of many authoritarian leaders is that followers require direct supervision at all times or else they would not operate effectively. This belief is in accordance with one of Douglas McGregor’s philosophical views of humankind, Theory X. This theory proposes that it is a leader’s role to coerce and control followers, because people have an inherent aversion for work and will abstain from it whenever possible. Theory X also postulates that people must be compelled through force, intimidation or authority, and controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to accomplish the organizational needs. In the minds of authoritarian leaders, people who are left to work autonomously will ultimately be unproductive. â€Å"Examples of authoritarian communicative behaviour include a police officer directing traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do his or her assignment, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation.† Communication Patterns of Authoritarian Leadership: Downward, one-way communication (i.e. leaders to followers, or supervisors to subordinates) Controls discussion with followers Dominates interaction Independently/unilaterally sets policy and procedures Individually directs the completion of tasks Does not offer constant feedback Rewards acquiescent obedient behavior and punishes erroneous actions Poor listener Uses conflict for individual gain Ways to Properly Incorporate Authoritarian Leadership: Always explain rules- it allows your subordinates to complete the task you  want done efficiently Be consistent- if you are to enforce rules and regulations, make sure to do so regularly so your subordinates take you seriously. This will form a stronger level of trust. Respect your subordinates – always recognized your subordinates efforts and achievements Educate your subordinates before enforcing rules – do not present them with any surprises. This can lead to problems in the future due to false communications. Listen to suggestions from your subordinates even if you do not incorporate them Effects of Authoritarian Leadership Communication Styles: Increase in productivity when leader is present Produces more accurate solutions when leaser is knowledgeable Is more positively accepted in larger groups Enhances performance on simple tasks and decreases performance on complex tasks Increases aggression levels among followers Increases turnover rates Successful when there is a time urgency for completion of projects Improves the future work of those subordinates whose skills are not very applicable or helpful without the demands of another Example:- Adolf Hitler was extremely authoritarian. He required the population of the Third Reich to accept everything that he said as absolute law, and was able to impose a death sentence on anyone who failed to do so. Hitler was obsessed with being in control, and with being the alpha male in a rigid male dominance hierarchy. Characteristics of Autocratic Leadership The major autocratic leadership style characteristics include: 1. The autocratic leader retains all power, authority, and control, and reserves the right to make all decisions. 2. Autocratic leaders distrust their subordinate’s ability, and closely supervise and control people under them. 3. Autocratic leaders involve themselves in detailed day-to-day activities, and rarely delegate or empower subordinates. 4. The autocratic leader adopts one-way communication. They do not consult with subordinates or give them a chance to provide their opinions, no matter the potential benefit of such  inputs. 5. Autocratic leadership assumes that employee motivation comes not through empowerment, but by creating a structured set of rewards and punishments. 6. Autocratic leaders get work done by issuing threats and punishments and evoking fear. 7. The primary concern of autocratic leaders remains dealing with the work at hand and not on developmental activities. 8. Autocratic leaders assume full responsibility and take full credit for the work. Advantages of Autocratic Leadership Style the autocratic style is one of the most recognized forms of directive leadership. At first, the style seems to contradict many modern work environments that emphasize teamwork, group input and shared decision-making. However, certain conditions and specific industries, such as the military, manufacturing and construction, thrive when a leader takes tight control and makes most of the decisions, according to Leadership-Toolbox. Even so, the most effective autocratic leaders remember to communicate task expectations and to respect their followers. Easy to Learn The autocratic, or â€Å"do this or else,† type of leadership is intuitive, easy to learn and does not require specialized training or knowledge of leadership theory, according to Leadership-Toolbox. Autocratic leaders do not have to worry about recognizing and responding to followers’ emotions or try to meet different motivational needs of group members. Control Dangerous work environments or situations requiring complicated tasks with no room for error, such as safety inspections, prosper under autocratic leadership since each depends on control. In addition, companies may turn to autocratic leadership for urgent short-term results, according to Money-Zine. For example, employees working through a company crisis may need one authoritative leader to call the shots and ensure tasks are completed correctly. Good for Inexperienced or Unmotivated Workers Depending on the industry, new employees may need specific instructions and close follow-up until they learn the job, according to Leadership-Toolbox. The autocratic leadership style is also good for low-skilled tasks, such as  directing employees to make copies or file papers. In addition, according to LeadershipExpert, bosses may need to use the â€Å"do it or else† type of autocratic leadership to ensure that unmotivated employees complete their assigned tasks. Autocratic leadership creates a centralized chain of command with heavy involvement of the leader in all gamuts of operations. This leads to the formation of a hub and spoken type of organizational structure that helps in many ways, such as: Getting things done quickly Improving communication and logistics. Better response to changes in the external environment Putting forth a more coordinated approach toward fulfilling organizational goals Anticipating problems in advance, and better realization of consequences of an action by one section on other sections Proponents of the autocratic leadership style advocate it as an ideal method to extract high performance from employees without putting them under stress. They insist the close supervision and monitoring leads to a faster pace of work with less slack, where the leader assumes full responsibility for the decisions and actions, ultimately creating reduced stress for subordinates. Drawbacks of the Autocratic Leadership Style Increased Work Burden Since they take full responsibility for team decisions and review of a team’s work, autocratic leaders are extremely busy, which can lead to high stress and even health problems, according to LeadershipExpert. Other leadership styles, such as participative or democratic, distribute some of the decision-making to certain group members. Bad for Highly Skilled and Motivated Workers Few people like to be told what to do, especially those who are already intrinsically motivated and understand the task at hand, according to Leadership Expert. An autocratic leader facing this type of group will dampen morale and will reduce his team’s creativity and productivity. Autocratic leaders in this situation may not make the best decisions since they lack the group input from team members who have experience and skills. In addition, members of Generation Y, workers born in the mid-1970s to 1990s, usually do not respond well to autocratic leadership, according to Leadership Expert. Leader Dependence The autocratic style is most effective when the leader is present, according to Leadership Expert. Unlike the transformational style of leadership where followers become self-motivated to complete tasks, once the autocratic leader is gone, there is no guarantee that team members will keep working. The advantages of autocratic leadership notwithstanding, this leadership style has born the brunt of heavy criticism in the last three decades, where the move toward systems thinking and empowering people have led to the perception of â€Å"autocratic† and â€Å"centralized command† as negative and undesirable traits. Theory Y, the antithesis of Theory X assumes that ambitious and self-motivated employees enjoy their mental and physical work duties. Such employees possess the ability for creative problem solving, but most organizations under-utilize their talents. Theory Y holds that employees seek and accept responsibility and exercise self-control and self-direction in accomplishing objectives, provided the conditions remain congenial for such an approach. The autocratic leadership style remains wholly unsuited for such Theory Y oriented workforces and does not rank among the modern leadership styles in a changing world. Criticisms Levied Against Autocratic Leadership The major criticisms levied against autocratic leadership include the following: 1. Contrary to claims of close supervision with detailed instructions to reduce stress and improve productivity, research suggests that such actions actually unmotivate employees, and cause them to becoming tense, fearful, or resentful. 2. Lack of involvement from the employee in the decision making process leads to employees not assuming ownership of their work, contributing to low morale, lack of commitment, and manifesting in high turnover, absenteeism, and work stoppage. 3. The heavily centralized command of autocratic leadership style ensures that the system depends  entirely on the leader. If the leader is strong, capable, competent, and just, the organization functions smoothly, and if the leader is weak, incompetent, or has low ethical and moral standards, the entire organization suffers for the sake of a single leader. 4. All power vested with the leader leads to risk of leaders with low moral fiber exploiting employees, indulging in favoritism and discrimination, and the like. 5. Weak autocratic leaders tend to take decisions based on ego rather than sound management principles, and punish employees who dare to disagree with such decisions. 6. The leader reserving the right to make all decisions leads to subordinates becoming heavily dependent on the leader. The team thereby becomes useless in running operations if they lose contact with their leader, and absence of the leader leads to total collapse and shutdown of operations. 7. The one sided communication flow in an autocratic leadership style restricts the creative and leadership skills of the employees and prevents their development. This harms the organization as well, for the employees remain incapable of assuming greater responsibilities, or to perform anything outside the routine. 8. The autocratic leader, by taking all responsibility and involved heavily in day to day operations, remains forced to work at full capacity, leading to stress and other health problems. 9. Autocratic leaders usually re main unpopular and damage working relationships with colleagues. This leadership style is unsuited to build trusting relationships. Application of Autocratic Leadership Style A critique of autocratic leadership style reveals that it remains best suited in certain situations such as: 1. Occasions when the situation requires a strong centralized control with detailed orders and instructions, such as in the military or during surgery. 2. When leading an extremely large group, such as in assembly line factories, where the wide span of control not only makes it impossible but also counterproductive to elicit the views of all employees. 3. When followers are new or inexperienced, or lack the qualifications, skills, or talent to respond to any participative leadership styles, or remain unmotivated, and non committed workers. 4. During occasions of contingencies, emergencies and other situations warranting on the spot decisions. 5. When dealing or negotiating with external agencies or departments. The autocratic leadership style on the whole remains a  short-term or quick fix approach to management. The ability to make decisions faster, while helping the organization in the short term, actually unskills the workforce leading to poor decision-making capability and productivity in the long run. This leadership style survives by default because it comes naturally to most leaders, especially in times of low morale or insubordination. Case Study Business Leadership – A Study on Steve Jobs Executive Summary This assignment attempts to study the leadership of Steve Jobs. A visionary innovator, a marketing guru and an autocratic leader admired by many. The first part of the assignment will study and analyse how Jobs leadership is similar to the traits and models found in textbooks. Jobs is analysed by using McGregor’s theory X & Y. Jobs leadership traits and skills are compared with Stogdill’s theory while also looking at how Jobs applied contingency theory. The reports studies how Jobs changed Apple’s direction from an ailing company to a consumer giant. When Jobs speaks, everybody stops and listens to him, be it a meeting or a Worldwide Developer Conference. Jobs just had the charisma to capture people’s attention. Jobs autocratic leadership style was accepted by his employees, some may not have liked it but they stood with him and the company and never regretted their decision. The study also found Jobs to be a meticulous perfectionist. Jobs never approves a product without fully testing them, him being a beta tester for all of Apple’s product had made sure Apple delivered what the market wanted. The second part of this study is set to look at the differences and compare the leadership skills of Steve Jobs, Michael Dell and Bill Gates. Jobs’ leadership skills were different from both Dell and Gates. Jobs lead Apple to its height with his own flair. His leadership style and character was unique and at times seems inappropriate but it has brought only positive growth to Apple and its employees. All three of them are iconic leaders, brought advancement to the organization they founded and strive for nothing lesser than the best. Finally, the study suggests and recommends what Jobs could have adopted to be a better leader. Background of Apple Inc The corporate history of Apple Inc is considered as a history of passion. It was begun by a pair of Stevens, i.e. Steven Wozniak and Steven Jobs together with Ronald Wayne, who combined their professional skills to create Apple Computer on 1st April 1976 with the release of the Apple I, the first Apple computer, in the same year. Since the establishment, Apple has been focusing on the consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers and the best-known products include Iphone, Ipad, Mac line of computers and other hardware and software products. And according one of the most recent brand study carried out by the global brands agency Millward Brown, Apple has overtaken Google as the world’s most valuable brand (Bbc.co.uk 2011). Introduction to Steve Jobs A revolutionary leader, an innovator of technology and a charismatic master showman, is the words that can be used to describe Steve Paul Jobs. Jobs has portrayed fine examples of leadership throughout his career. Being a young boy, he was attracted to electronic gadgets. Jobs has always been exploring way to improve technology. His ideas was said to be impossible and impractical has proven many critics and even his employees wsrong (Elliot, 2011a). Throughout his career he has influenced many leaders to join his team of innovative work force, namely John Scully, Jay Elliot, Andy Hertzfeld, Larry Tessler and Bob Belleville (Elliot, 2011b). During his teenage life, the love for technology brought him and Steve Wozniak together. The duo later went on to start Apple (Isaacson, 2011a). Jobs has then lead Apple, Next and Pixar to their peak bringing futuristic inventions. Jobs was a great marketer, captivating millions of audience each time he is delivering a speech. Barrack Obama describes Jobs as a visionary, and amongst the greatest innovators of America (Whitehouse.gov, 2011). Steve Jobs’ leadership styles do match the theories from the text books and documented papers. Most of his qualities and traits if not all are linked to the theories from the text books. There are a small number of traits and qualities found in his leadership that opposes to the theories of text books but Jobs has managed to use his charisma and leadership skills to lead his followers and make them successful. McGregor and Gershenfeld (2006) have explained Theory X and Y Managers. Appendix 2 shows the difference between  Theory X and Theory Y individuals. Jobs is a Theory X manager, being self centred, emphasizing total control and inducing fear (Stewart, 2010). Jobs believes the expenditure of physical and mental effort is as natural as play or rest, this is seen his act of forming a team of talented and dedicated. William, Mchugh & Mchugh, (2006) states that autocratic leaderships mean making managerial decisions without consulting others. Jobs held on to his authorities, makes decision and expects his employees to follow them without being questioned. Jobs also monitors that his instruction are followed by his employees. The autocratic leadership style has helped Apple to make quick decision and have an organized flow of activities. Job autocratic style is well balanced by his charismatic leadership, on a rare sight Jobs was also seen giving pep talk to an underperforming staff and subsequently inspiring him. Jobs was always trying to do his best for the betterment of the product and company and that went on to make Apple the company with the lowest staff turnover rates among technology firms. Jobs have portrayed self-directions to achieve committed objectives to his employees and he demanded the same from them. Elliot (2011d) states that Jobs has demanded 16 hours work shift Monday to Sunday from his core team of developers and engineers, Jobs also would tell them not to bother coming to work on Monday if they did not turn up on weekends. Since young, Jobs was known by his parents and acquaintance for his creativity, high level ingenuity and imagination, even his pranks as a growing teenager. Jobs was also persuasive, during his comeback to Apple in 1997, he did several review sessions with the product team and key stakeholders. And upon completing them he has ordered all other products to be cancelled and to focus on his suggestion of new products consisting 4 quadrants labelled as consumer, pro, desktop and portable (HBR, 2012). Jobs’ power of influence was enormous, not only to the consumer but also his impact to other CEO’s. His influential power and leadership skills can be clearly seen when he advised Larry Page to only focus on five products at a time and discard the re st. Larry Page took his advice and told his employees to focus on Google+ and Android (HBR, 2012). This had proven favourable to Google. As of 1st quarter of 2012, 59% of smart phones shipped are Google’s’ Android powered operating system (Forbes, 2012a), Appendix 4 shows the market share of mobile phone by  operating system. There is nothing that is less important for Jobs. The design of a product and its functionality is as important as the way a worker at an Apple store treats its customers. Jobs demonstrates this by going to one particular store in Pasadena to inspect the new tiling work, being a perfectionist, Jobs wasn’t pleased with the tiles and also the workmanship. He ordered the work crew to tear up the flooring and demanded a complete redo (Elliot, 2011f). Jobs perfectionist attitude was also seen during his takeover of Pixar. During the production of Toy Story, Jobs felt that the storyline was not great enough and stopped the production for 5 months. While Jobs and his core team reworked the story line, Job paid the rest of the crew to do nothin g for 5 month (Jobs, 2008). Jobs portrays the traits of a traditional transactional leader, Jobs uses his authority and power of his leadership to use followers to complete his task (Burns, 1978). This is seen when Jobs took over the Macintosh development team after being kicked off Lisa. Jobs took over the team with no notice, he added new people to the group, called meeting and setting new directions. Despite the usage of keyboard to command the machine, Jobs wanted a control device to move the cursor, to click, drag and display a list of options, the team was not told how, but they knew only what Jobs wanted Jobs is full of ambition and achievement, when Jobs was sacked from his own company by John Scully, a leader that Jobs handpicked, Jobs started Pixar, with his leadership and marketing skills, Jobs later sold Pixar to Disney for USD 7.5 billion in 2006 (Anon, 2008). Jobs was also responsible for his action, when the Mac was almost completed for launch, Jobs told his engineers to remove the fan from the m achine because it was too noisy and asked it to be improvised. The engineers went on to ship the Mac without cooling fan and upon launching the Mac had overheating problems. Jobs took responsibility and went on to improvise the design and successfully made a quiet operating machine Managing change is often an unpleasant situation to be in for any human being. Returning to Apple after a decade, Jobs turned an ailing company to a company with stock valuation of USD 600 billion (CNN Money, 2012). Rogers, (1986) suggest individual generally can be divided into 5 categories consisting innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. Jobs was only interested in the innovators and early adopter to a certain extent. Jobs achieved this by selecting and motivating his own  management team, some of his management team members are his followers from previous company. Jobs told them to create innovative products and to think out of the box. He wanted the products to stand out from the current market offerings (CNN Money, 2008). Every situation is subjective and needs a personal influence of the leader. Jobs practised empowerment in his leadership, Jobs coaches his core team, counselled them, motivated them and at the same time was strict to them. Jobs has powerful people skills. Elliot, (2011j) justified this by saying Apple has the lowest staff turnover rate in the industry. Leadership behaviours of Steve Jobs In the early time before Steve Jobs left Apple, he led the company using a laissez-faire leadership style that was believed to contribute the creation of the technology-based products and many of which proved to be quite successful because of the environment brought by the laissez-faire leadership style and such environment did encourage the creativity of the employees (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor 2011, p.170). But there are also constrains of using laissez-faire leadership such as that it is confirmed as being connected with the reason for low productivity (Bass, B. M., Bass, R. & Bass, R. R. 2008, p.451). As for Apple, the laissez-faire leadership style of Steve Jobs become to some extent ineffective and had made the company in disadvantage when competing with IBM after IBM’s entry into the PC market. And this was one of the key reasons why Jobs was replaced by the tough John Scully who was known as a top-down decision maker (Clemens & Meyer 1987). And after his return to Apple in 1996 when Apple announced that it would buy NeXT, Steve Jobs’ new company for $429 million, Steve Jobs came with the leadership with some differences. He still requested for perfection and he was manipulative and demanding which his employees described as â€Å"autocratic† but such autocratic leadership was focusing on the key project as himself was quoted saying that â€Å"My job is to not be easy on people. My job is to make them better. My job is to pull things together from different parts of the company and clear the ways and get the resources for the key projects† (Kramer 2010). Though laissez-faire leadership style and autocratic leadership behavior seems to be contradicting, they do co-exist in Steve Jobs’s management practices as the CEO of Apple which people explained as  Steve Job is having a personalized leadership which means that his leadership behaviors serves primarily his own interests and obviously money is not the most important thing that he cares about resulting in his only focusing on the key projects in his vision leaving his other leadership roles untouched. Recommendations for Steve Jobs Jobs was a visionary, an example of great leader. Below are suggestion and recommendations how Jobs could have been a better leader. Jobs dedicated his life to work and his duty as a CEO. He lacked emotional intelligence, he does not care how others feel and does not want to listen to them talking anything else besides work. He only listened to their ideas and how it can help Apple grow (Kahney, 2008b). Davenport, (2008) described Jobs as corporate dictator who makes every decision, up to the extent of the food being served in cafeteria. Jobs should have opened himself to suggestion and improvement plans by his employees, this will not only help faster solve environment but also produce a better environment for the employees. Jobs classifies everyone into only two categories, it’s either a 3 digit IQ person or someone who does not measure up. Jobs should not stereotype people neither judge them without giving them a chance. Jobs was a feared in Apple, employees would stammer while speaking to him, this does not means they aren’t smart or they are unproductive but this is due to the image Jobs has created for himself. However, this has also created a cult like devotion of Apple employees towards Jobs. Jobs could have been a more honest man, as this also reflects to his leadership, and as a leader it is never a good publicity to be caught lying or cheating as this reflects for a long time, in Jobs scenario, two significant examples which is still being discussed is when Jobs denied paternity, claiming he was sterile and infertile, this has made Lisa, the women he impregnate to live out of welfare (CNN Money, 2008) and another one is when Jobs lied to his partner, Wozniak when they successfully created a game call Breakout for Atari, Jobs was given a bonus of $5000 but Jobs only told Wozniak they received $750 (Businessweek, 2006). Jobs is also known for being short tempered and using abusive language to his employees, he often scolds them and uses foul languages, (CNN Money, 2011). This does not promote a conducive environment to work in as Jobs scolds his employees in public and in front of their subordinates. This also  will lead to low morale in individual and possible scenario of resignation. Jobs also should portray good qualities not only as a business leader but also as a good human being. Not giving back to the society is something of Jobs’s perception and decision. Kahney, (2008c) has mentioned that Jobs likes to park at handicapped spot and at times even taking up to 2 spots. Kahney even had a few photographs of Jobs’s parking etiquette. Leaders are meant to be followed, but by portraying bad examples and contrary moral practices defeats the purpose of a leader. Conclusion Jobs was a transformational leader, he brought change to Apple, challenged the stakeholders and demanded his employee’s to achieve impossible goals (Bryant, 2003). His autocratic leadership style was different from the other leaders. He was a demanding perfectionist and never took no for an answer. Steve grew up in an average family environment but he achieved what very few can come close to. His perseverance and never say no attitude has brought him and Apple to an unimaginable height. His leadership was deemed unhealthy by some critics but Jobs did not take the critics instead went to prove them wrong. This study has analysed the traits and leadership quality of Jobs, compared him with leaders in Information Technology field and to critically analyse them. Jobs has dedicated his entire life to technological improvement, his research and development in Apple is never ending vouching for improvement and delivering the best experience for both commercial and corporate users. His diverse journey in different fields proves that Jobs is not a quitter and will not failure affect him one bit. Jobs would come back from a fall stronger than ever. This study also has proven that Jobs is not only a genius creator, but a visionary leader and a marketing guru. His advertising and promotional campaigns have never failed to create another benchmark. His presentation and speeches has gathered another humongous group of followers mesmerized by his session. Marketing and public relation organizations have started to develop training courses to dub and emulate Jobs’s presentation method. Jobs a true genius, made his mark and conquered the world of mobility. He will be greatly missed, looked up as an idol and forever be the  father of Apple. Conclusion Autocratic management is one of the types of management which is used in businesses and organizations all over the world. Autocratic management isn’t considered as a favourable approach in modern day leadership, but it can still be seen in practice and is a widely discussed leadership model, it is also one of the accepted types of management.